Authors: Monika Blahová, Karel Lehmert Affiliation: Dept. of Criminology and Forensic Studies, University of Finance and Administration, Prague, Czech Republic Keywords: Goiânia, orphan source, cesium-137, radiological accident, CBRNE
Introduction
Hazardous materials represent a serious threat to human health and safety if not properly controlled. Radiological incidents are a specific category of CBRNE events that involve exposure to radioactive substances. One of the most significant examples is the Goiânia accident in Brazil in 1987, which demonstrated the dangers of abandoned radioactive sources.
Methodology
This paper is based on the analysis of available literature, including IAEA reports and scientific publications. The focus is on describing the causes, consequences, and response to the Goiânia accident.
Results
In 1987, in Goiânia, Brazil, an abandoned radiotherapy machine containing a radioactive source was discovered by local residents. The source contained cesium-137, a highly dangerous radioactive material. The individuals unknowingly handled the material and spread it to others. The highly radioactive source was opened, handled, and shared among family and friends — spreading contamination across the city.
The main cause was the improper abandonment of a medical radiation source. The equipment was left unsecured and without proper warning labels, which led to accidental exposure. Exposure to cesium-137 caused severe radiation sickness in several individuals. Symptoms included burns, nausea, and internal damage. Some victims died as a result of acute radiation syndrome.
Authorities responded by isolating contaminated areas and providing medical treatment to affected individuals. Large-scale decontamination efforts were carried out, including the demolition of contaminated buildings. The accident resulted in multiple deaths and injuries, long-term environmental contamination, and social panic.
Discussion
The Goiânia accident highlights the risks associated with orphan radioactive sources. The incident could have been prevented with proper regulation, control, and labeling of hazardous materials. It also shows the importance of public awareness and emergency preparedness. This case remains one of the most significant radiological incidents involving an orphan source in history.
References
- IAEA (1988). The Radiological Accident in Goiânia. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.
- International Atomic Energy Agency. Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources. Vienna: IAEA.
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